This book examines the problems of boundary demarcation and its impact on territorial disputes, and offers techniques to manage and resolve the resulting conflicts.

Historically, most civil conflicts and internal wars have been directly related to boundary or territorial disputes. Cross-border discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local populations, often resulting in disease, impoverishment, and environmental damage as well as creating refugees. Although the impact of territorial disputes is great, they can often be settled through bilateral, and sometimes multilateral, agreements or international arbitration.

This book sets out to probe into the problems of existing techniques on boundary demarcation and to test their possible impacts on boundary and territorial disputes. Various factors and their influences on cross-border tensions are tested, either qualitatively or quantitatively. After close examination of dozens of the most significant cases, the book presents various alternative solutions to the achievement of cross-border cooperation in disputed territories. An art of avoiding war is included within the book, comprising six key schemes and five negotiating techniques. The comparative advantages, costs and benefits of each of these is analyzed and evaluated.

This book will help guide practitioners in territorial disputes and will be of interest to students of conflict management, international security, peace and conflict studies, political violence and IR in general.

The majority of China's population is the Han. Till now, China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities vary widely in size in China. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang have been the largest minority group, and the Lhoba, with only 2 thousand or more, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape of China itself. The book sets out to collect and estimate a full set of data on the socioeconomic situations of China's ethnic minorities. Till present, a complete socioeconomic picture of China's ethnic groups still remains unclear from China's official sources. How different have been China's ethnic minorities in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we need a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic minorities. This book provides, in an easy to use format, a broad collection of data on China's 55 ethnic minorities. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, people's livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, and culture, sports and public health for each of these ethnic minorities. These indicators, estimated on the author based on materials gathered from a variety of sources and clearly presented in one volume, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media.

The majority of China's population is the Han. Till now, China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities vary widely in size in China. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang have been the largest minority group, and the Lhoba, with only 2 thousand or more, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape of China itself. The book sets out to collect and estimate a full set of data on the socioeconomic situations of China's ethnic minorities. Till present, a complete socioeconomic picture of China's ethnic groups still remains unclear from China's official sources. How different have been China's ethnic minorities in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we need a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic minorities. This book provides, in an easy to use format, a broad collection of data on China's 55 ethnic minorities. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, people's livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, and culture, sports and public health for each of these ethnic minorities. These indicators, estimated on the author based on materials gathered from a variety of sources and clearly presented in one volume, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media.

This fully updated edition of the China Ethnic Statistic Yearbook, comprised of entirely original research, presents data on the socioeconomic situation of China's 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China's population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China's population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. In addition, ethnic minorities vary greatly in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang are the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with a population of only about three thousand, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape for China itself. How different have China's ethnic groups been in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we have created a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic groups. This book presents, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of social and economic indicators on China's 56 ethnic groups. This useful resource profiles the general social and economic situations for each of these ethnic groups. These indicators are compiled and estimated based on the regional and local data gathered from a variety of sources up to 2016 with up to date analysis. This Yearbook also includes a new chapter on China's spatial (dis)integration as a multiethnic paradox.

This book examines the problems of boundary demarcation and its impact on territorial disputes, and offers techniques to manage and resolve the resulting conflicts.

Historically, most civil conflicts and internal wars have been directly related to boundary or territorial disputes. Cross-border discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local populations, often resulting in disease, impoverishment, and environmental damage as well as creating refugees. Although the impact of territorial disputes is great, they can often be settled through bilateral, and sometimes multilateral, agreements or international arbitration.

This book sets out to probe into the problems of existing techniques on boundary demarcation and to test their possible impacts on boundary and territorial disputes. Various factors and their influences on cross-border tensions are tested, either qualitatively or quantitatively. After close examination of dozens of the most significant cases, the book presents various alternative solutions to the achievement of cross-border cooperation in disputed territories. An art of avoiding war is included within the book, comprising six key schemes and five negotiating techniques. The comparative advantages, costs and benefits of each of these is analyzed and evaluated.

This book will help guide practitioners in territorial disputes and will be of interest to students of conflict management, international security, peace and conflict studies, political violence and IR in general."

This fully updated edition of the China Ethnic Statistic Yearbook, comprised of entirely original research, presents data on the socioeconomic situation of China's 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China's population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China's population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. In addition, ethnic minorities vary greatly in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang are the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with a population of only about three thousand, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape for China itself. How different have China's ethnic groups been in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we have created a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic groups. This book presents, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of social and economic indicators on China's 56 ethnic groups. This useful resource profiles the general social and economic situations for each of these ethnic groups. These indicators are compiled and estimated based on the regional and local data gathered from a variety of sources up to 2016 with up to date analysis. This Yearbook also includes a new chapter on China's spatial (dis)integration as a multiethnic paradox.

This book, comprised of entirely original research, collects data on the socioeconomic situation of China's 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China's population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China's population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. In addition, ethnic minorities vary greatly in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang are the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with a population of only about three thousand, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape for China itself. However, till presently, a complete socioeconomic picture of China's ethnic groups - especially of its smallest ethnic minorities - still remained unclear. How different have China's ethnic groups been in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we have created a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic groups. This book presents, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of social and economic indicators on China's 56 ethnic groups. This useful resource profiles the general social and economic situations for each of these ethnic groups. These indicators are compiled and estimated based on the regional and local data gathered from a variety of sources up to 2012.

This book applies an economic approach to examine the driving forces behind the dynamic behaviors of developing nations. Taking into account initial conditions and environmental and external factors often oversimplified by historians and anthropologists, Guo finds that the rise and fall of civilizations and nations followed an anti-Darwinian process: physical weakness, rather than strength, induced humans to adapt. Cultures facing unfavorable physical and environmental conditions developed complex societies to overcome these challenges, while favorable conditions did not incentivize major economic and cultural change. Over centuries of economic growth and development, nations and civilizations' adaptive behaviors have followed a cyclical path at both the country level and in an international context. This interdisciplinary book incorporates elements of history, anthropology, and development into an astute economic analysis that changes the way we think about the origins and evolutions of civilizations.

This fourth revised edition sets out to analyze and compare the operational mechanisms of the Chinese economy between the pre- and post-reform periods and through national, regional and local dimensions. It examines the driving forces - both endogenous and exogenous - that have influenced China's economic development during the past decades. Both positive and negative consequences of the Chinese economic transformation have been clarified. A multiregional comparison of the Chinese economy is conducted in terms of natural and human resources, institutional evolution, as well as economic and social performances. This enlarged edition includes three new chapters on cultural diversity; natural and environmental resources; and, political and administrative systems. Many of the original chapters have also been significantly revised, expanded and updated according to more recent research.

This book, comprised of entirely original research, collects data on the socioeconomic situation of China's 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China's population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China's population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. In addition, ethnic minorities vary greatly in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang are the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with a population of only about three thousand, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape for China itself. However, till presently, a complete socioeconomic picture of China's ethnic groups - especially of its smallest ethnic minorities - still remained unclear. How different have China's ethnic groups been in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China's fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we have created a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic groups. This book presents, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of social and economic indicators on China's 56 ethnic groups. This useful resource profiles the general social and economic situations for each of these ethnic groups. These indicators are compiled and estimated based on the regional and local data gathered from a variety of sources up to 2012.

With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of annual data on China’s 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture, sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2011 – the latest year when our research was conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses.

This book pursues both narrative and analytic approaches to better understand China's spatial economic development and its implications for Tibet. Accordingly, this book focuses on Tibet - an autonomous region in the far west of China - as the subject of an in-depth case study, highlighting its unique geopolitical and socioeconomic features and external and boundary conditions. China's great diversity in terms of physical geography, resource endowment, political economy, and ethnicity and religion has posed challenges to the studies of spatial and interprovincial issues. Indeed, the Chinese nation is far too huge and spatially diverse to be easily interpreted. The only feasible approach to analyzing it is, therefore, to divide it into smaller geographical elements so as to arrive at better insights into the country's spatial mechanisms and regional characteristics. In this context, the book combines analytic and narrative approaches.

This book provides, in an easy-to-use format, an extensive collection of data and information on China’s 31 provinces and its interprovincial economic linkages. Intended as a comprehensive resource book, it profiles the geography, demography, and economy for each province. The materials presented, which are gathered from a variety of sources, including many not easily found in English-language media, will be of great value to students, researchers, business and government agencies, and news media professionals who are interested in either individual provinces or China as a whole.

Although the majority of China's population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China's population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. Until now, China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 56 ethnic groups. In addition, ethnic groups vary widely in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang have the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with only two thousand or more, the smallest. China's ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape of China itself. This book develops a complete socioeconomic picture and a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China's ethnic groups. There have not been any precise data on China's socioeconomic statistics from multi-ethnic dimension. The only official data released can be found in China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook (released by the State Commission of Ethnic Affairs (SCEA) of the People's Republic of China since 1994). However, as this Yearbook has only reported the socioeconomic statistics for the minority-based autonomous areas, a complete set of China's multi-ethnic data cannot be derived from it. This book provides a broad collection of data on China's 56 ethnic groups and profiles the demography, cultural, economy, and business climates for each of China's diverse ethnic groups.

Since the end of the Cold War, the study of intercultural relations has become one of the most popular topics in the field of global politics and economics. This book presents a methodological framework for the analysis of intercultural issues frequently misinterpreted by existing theories. The book uses a challenge-and-response theory of cultural development to examine the relationship between different natural disasters and threats and the developments of ancient civilizations. The spatial interaction of ancient civilizations is assessed and some theoretical patterns of intercultural influences are presented with a focus on the Chinese, Egyptian, Indus, and Mesopotamian civilizations. Using the development of China as a case study, and on the basis of a simplified spatial model, the optimal spatial structure and size of culture areas are mathematically solved, and the political economy implications to the interactions between cultures differing in size are illustrated. The book also examines various aspects of intercultural economic influences, such as those of culture on international trade. The empirical results suggest that high-income trade partners are less sensitive than low-income trade partners to the measures of cultural dissimilarity which block international trade. The existing literature relating to the determinants of economic growth treats explanatory variables such as income inequality and cultural diversity separately. This book investigates whether there are any conditions under which income inequality and cultural diversity could encourage economic growth and provides evidence from a broad panel of nations, which reveals that economic growth is quite independent from the variables of inequality and cultural (linguistic and religious) diversity. Finally, this book provides suggestions for how cultural influences can benefit developing economies both large and small.

This book gathers the work of leading scholars from several disciplines on fragile regions, especially those regions seeking to preserve, strengthen or create processes to restore or reestablish security and effective social and economic management. It tackles the multifarious issues that shape and affect fragile regions, drawing upon a wide range of intellectual and methodological approaches, including such fields as area studies, natural resource science, biology, environmental and resource economics and management, and political economy. The volume brings together the perspectives of a diverse group of contributors from Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Managing Fragile Regions: Method and Application addresses a variety of factors - natural, political, administrative, legislative, economic, social, and cultural - and examines how they exert influences on the operational mechanisms of fragile regions, especially in the contexts of peace and security, economic development, and environmental management. The volume's nine chapters cover a wide range of examples of fragile regions and their challenges. It will be of interest and utility to practitioners and policy-makers engaged in disaster management and post-disaster reconstruction. Students, researchers, and other professionals involved in resource management, regional science, and environmental science will also find it valuable reading.

With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of annual data on China's 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture, sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2011 - the latest year when our research was conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses.

Most of China's provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities that are under the direct control of the central government), which are the average size and scale of a European country in population and land area, are considerable political and economic systems in their own right. This handbook provides, in an easy to use format, a broad collection of data on China's 31 provinces. It is a resource book that profiles the geography, demography, economy, political environment and business climates for each of these provinces. The materials included in this handbook, which can be regularly updated with new editions to make sure that the provincial data are as up-to-date as possible, are clearly presented in one volume and will become a useful source book to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media with an interest in either the rapidly changing provincial economies or the Chinese economy as a whole.

It is a resource book that profiles the geography, demography, economy, political environment and business climates for each of China's 31 provinces. It will become a useful source book to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media interested in either the rapidly changing provincial economies or the Chinese economy as a whole.

Although the majority of China s population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China s population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. Until now, China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 56 ethnic groups. In addition, ethnic groups vary widely in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang have the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with only two thousand or more, the smallest. China s ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape of China itself. This book develops a complete socioeconomic picture and a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China s ethnic groups. There have not been any precise data on China s socioeconomic statistics from multi-ethnic dimension. The only official data released can be found in China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook (released by the State Commission of Ethnic Affairs (SCEA) of the People s Republic of China since 1994). However, as this Yearbook has only reported the socioeconomic statistics for the minority-based autonomous areas, a complete set of China s multi-ethnic data cannot be derived from it. This book provides a broad collection of data on China s 56 ethnic groups and profiles the demography, cultural, economy, and business climates for each of China s diverse ethnic groups.

This book presents a methodological framework for the analysis of intercultural issues frequently misinterpreted by existing theories. It uses a challenge-and-response theory of cultural development to examine the relationship between different natural disasters and threats and the developments of ancient civilizations. The spatial interaction of ancient civilizations is assessed; and four non-linear patterns of intercultural dynamics are presented. Our empirical analyses of the four major ancient civilizations (the Mesopotamian, the Egyptian, the Indus, and the Chinese) focus on intercultural influences as well as how they have shaped the spatial dynamics of the world as a whole.

This book also examines various aspects of intercultural economic influences, such as those of culture on international trade. Evidence from a broad panel of nations supports the presumption that high-income trade partners will be less sensitive to the measures of cultural dissimilarity than low-income trade partners between which cultural dissimilarity leads to barriers to international trade. The treatment of linguistic and religious factors as continuous variables in this book has improved past studies in which language was treated as one or more dummy variables and religion was ignored.

"

This book gathers the work of leading scholars from several disciplines on fragile regions, especially those regions seeking to preserve, strengthen or create processes to restore or reestablish security and effective social and economic management. It tackles the multifarious issues that shape and affect fragile regions, drawing upon a wide range of intellectual and methodological approaches, including such fields as area studies, natural resource science, biology, environmental and resource economics and management, and political economy. The volume brings together the perspectives of a diverse group of contributors from Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. "Managing Fragile Regions: Method and Application" addresses a variety of factors - natural, political, administrative, legislative, economic, social, and cultural - and examines how they exert influences on the operational mechanisms of fragile regions, especially in the contexts of peace and security, economic development, and environmental management. The volume's nine chapters cover a wide range of examples of fragile regions and their challenges. It will be of interest and utility to practitioners and policy-makers engaged in disaster management and post-disaster reconstruction. Students, researchers, and other professionals involved in resource management, regional science, and environmental science will also find it valuable reading.

Since the end of the Cold War, the study of intercultural relations has become one of the most popular topics in the field of global politics and economics. This book presents a methodological framework for the analysis of intercultural issues frequently misinterpreted by existing theories. The book uses a challenge-and-response theory of cultural development to examine the relationship between different natural disasters and threats and the developments of ancient civilizations. The spatial interaction of ancient civilizations is assessed and some theoretical patterns of intercultural influences are presented with a focus on the Chinese, Egyptian, Indus, and Mesopotamian civilizations. Using the development of China as a case study, and on the basis of a simplified spatial model, the optimal spatial structure and size of culture areas are mathematically solved, and the political economy implications to the interactions between cultures differing in size are illustrated.

The book also examines various aspects of intercultural economic influences, such as those of culture on international trade. The empirical results suggest that high-income trade partners are less sensitive than low-income trade partners to the measures of cultural dissimilarity which block international trade. The existing literature relating to the determinants of economic growth treats explanatory variables such as income inequality and cultural diversity separately. This book investigates whether there are any conditions under which income inequality and cultural diversity could encourage economic growth and provides evidence from a broad panel of nations, which reveals that economic growth is quite independent from the variables of inequality and cultural (linguistic and religious) diversity. Finally, this book provides suggestions for how cultural influences can benefit developing economies both large and small.

What are the driving forces - both endogenous and exogenous - for, and how have they influenced China's economic transformations during the past decades? This revised and updated second edition sets out to analyze and compare the operational mechanisms of the Chinese economy between the pre-- and post-reform periods and through both national and provincial dimensions. A multiregional comparison of the Chinese economy is conducted in terms of natural and human resources, institutional evolution, as well as economic and social performances. The first edition of this book was selected as the 'Best Book on Chinese Economy' by Questia librarians. -- Publisher's description.

This research work is to commemorate all Guos' ancestor, who guarded the border for his Majesty dutifully, and who is the foremost supporter in my academic career. For the past decades, economists and geographers from both developed and developing countries have studied the economic issues either within individual countries (regions), or between countries (regions). Only a relatively small part of these efforts has been focused on the economic affairs of those countries' (regions') peripheral areas and even less attention has been given to the structural analysis of economic mechanisms of the border-regions with different political levels and compositions. My interest in border-regions more or less directly relates to some personal reasons of mine. The Chinese family name, Guo, means a guard for an outer city-wall (herein it used to be a political and military border in ancient China, e. g., the Chinese Great Wall). It is more interesting that Guo is written with a different Chinese character from that used for the like sounding "Guo" (country). The Chinese writing of the latter is a square frame inside which lies a Chinese character, Wang (king), in the centre and a point in the comer. It might be simply supposed that the "point" was used by the inventor to necessarily represent the "border guard" probably because of its vital importance to the country."